occupation with

συνασχολέομαι, [voice] Pass.,

A share in business or occupation with, τινι Plu.Phil.4, cf. Id.2.95d,e.

παραμένω fut. παραμενῶ; 1 aor. παρέμεινα, impv. παράμεινον (Hom.+) prim. ‘remain, stay’ (at someone’s side).

① to remain in a state or situation, remain, stay (on)

ⓐ abs. εὔχομαι παραμεῖναι αὐτόν I wish him to stay on IEph 2:1 (s. FPreisigke, Griech. Urkunden d. ägypt. Mus. in Kairo 1911 no. 15, 9).

ⓑ w. dat. of pers. stay or remain with someone (Hom. et al.; SIG 1209, 24f; 1210, 7f; PPetr III, 2, 21 [III B.C.]; PTebt 384, 21; 32; POxy 725, 43f; Gen 44:33) μενῶ καὶ παραμενῶ πᾶσιν ὑμῖν I will remain and continue with you all Phil 1:25; AcPl Ha 6, 35 (παραμ. has the sense remain alive, go on living Hdt. 1, 30; Dio Chrys. 3, 124; Artem. 2, 27; 67. For the connotation serve in Phil 1:25 s. 2 below). παρέμειναν τὰ πνεύματα αὐτοῖς the spirits remained with them Hs 9, 15, 6.—W. a prep.: παραμ. πρός τινα stay with someone 1 Cor 16:6 (v.l. καταμ.); μετά τινος Ox 404 (Hs 10, 3, 2, s. Whittaker p. 109) recto [μετὰ σοῦ παρα]μ̣ένουσι̣[ν (cp. σὺν Τρύφωνι παραμεινάντων Just., D. 56, 13). παραμ. εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον endure to eternal life Hv 2, 3, 2.

② to continue in an official capacity, continue in an occupation/office (Diod S 2, 29, 5) abs., of priests in the earthly sanctuary, who are prevented by death fr. remaining in office Hb 7:23 (cp. Jos., Ant. 9, 273; cp. New Docs 4, 98). Of one who has showed interest in the perfect law Js 1:25 (perh. w. the connotation of serving; s. Vitelli on PFlor 44, 19 and M-M.).— Continue in a state of being or quality παραμένουσα πραεῖα καὶ ἡσύχιος it remains meek and quiet Hm 5, 2, 3. παράμεινον ταπεινοφρονῶν continue to be humble-minded Hs 7:6.—M-M. TW.

ἔργον, ου, τό (Hom.+) work.

① that which displays itself in activity of any kind, deed, action

ⓐ in contrast to rest Hb 4:3, 4 (Gen 2:2), 10. In contrast to word: freq. used to describe people of exceptional merit, esp. benefactors (X., Hier. 7, 2, Cyr. 6, 4, 5; Cebes 2, 2 λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ Πυθαγόρειος; Lucian, Tox. 35. Oft. in Epict.; GDI 5039, 20 [Crete] οὔτε λόγῳ οὔτε ἔργῳ; Sir 3:8; 16:12; 4 Macc 5:38; En 14:22 πᾶς λόγος αὐτοῦ ἔργον; TestAbr A 9 p. 86, 26 [Stone p. 20] ἐν παντὶ ἔργῳ καὶ λόγῳ; Philo; Jos., Ant. 17, 220, C. Ap. 2, 12; Larfeld I 497f) δυνατὸς ἐν ἔργῳ καὶ λόγῳ mighty in word and deed Lk 24:19; cp. Ac 7:22; ἐν λόγῳ ἢ ἐν ἔ. in word and deed Col 3:17; cp. Ro 15:18; 2 Cor 10:11; 2 Th 2:17; Tit 1:16a; 1J 3:18; 2 Cl 17:7, also 4:3. A similar contrast betw. the ποιητὴς ἔργου doer who acts and the forgetful hearer Js 1:25, and betw. ἔργα and a πίστις that amounts to nothing more than a verbal statement 2:14–26 (s. JRopes, Exp. 7th ser., 5, 1908, 547–56 and his comm. 1916 ad loc.; HPreisker, ThBl 4, 1925, 16f; ETobac, RHE 22, 1926, 797–805; AMeyer, D. Rätsel des Jk 1930, 86ff; ASchlatter, D. Brief des Jak. ’32, 184–207).

ⓑ manifestation, practical proof τὸ ἔ. τῆς πίστεως 1 Th 1:3; 2 Th 1:11. ἔ. διακονίας Eph 4:12. τὸ ἴδιον ἔργον τῆς προσευχῆς AcPl Ha 4, 27. τὸ ἔ. τοῦ νόμου acting in accordance with the law Ro 2:15 (perh. also the bringing of the law into effect, as Polyaenus 1, 19 τοῦ λογίου τὸ ἔργον=realization or fulfilment of the oracular response). ἡ ὑπομονὴ ἔ. τέλειον ἐχέτω let endurance show itself perfectly in practice Js 1:4.

ⓒ deed, accomplishment

α. of the deeds of God and Jesus, specif. miracles (Epict. 3, 5, 10 ἰδεῖν ἔργα τὰ σά [=τοῦ θεοῦ]; Ael. Aristid. 50, 17 K.=26 p. 506 D.: ἔργον τοῦ θεοῦ θαυμαστόν; Quint. Smyrn. 9, 481 ἔργον ἀθανάτων of the healing of Philoctetes; Josh 24:29; Ps 45:9; 65:5; 85:8; JosAs 9:5; Jos., Bell. 5, 378 τ. ἔργα τοῦ θεοῦ, C. Ap. 2, 192) Mt 11:2; J 5:20, 36; 7:3, 21 (Diod S 5, 33, 5 ἓν ἔργον=just one practice); 9:3; 10:25, 37f; 14:10, 11, 12; 15:24; Ac 13:41 (Hab 1:5); 15:18 v.l.; Hb 3:9 (Ps 94:9); Rv 15:3. On Mt 11:19 s. δικαιόω 2bα.

β. of the deeds of humans, exhibiting a consistent moral character, referred to collectively as τὰ ἔργα (Ps 105:35; Job 11:11; Jon 3:10) J 3:20 f; 7:7; Js 3:13; 1J 3:12; Rv 2:2, 19; 3:1, 8, 15. σωτῆρος ἡμῶν τὰ ἔ. Qua. τὰ πρῶτα ἔ. Rv 2:5. πάντα τὰ ἔργα (Am 8:7; Mi 6:16) Mt 23:5. κατὰ τὰ ἔργα in accordance w. the deeds (Ps 27:4; 61:13; Pr 24:12; En 100:7; PsSol 2:16) Mt 23:3; Ro 2:6; 2 Ti 1:9; 4:14; Rv 2:23; 20:12f. Also κατὰ τὸ ἔργον 1 Pt 1:17. The collective τὸ ἔργον is used for the pl. (Sir 11:20) Gal 6:4; Hb 6:10; Rv 22:12. The ἔργον or ἔργα is (are) characterized by the context as good or bad Lk 11:48; 1 Cor 5:2; 2 Cor 11:15; 2 Ti 4:14; Js 2:25; 3J 10; Rv 14:13; 16:11; 18:6 (since in all these passages except Rv 14:13 ἔ. refers to something bad, it is well to point out that ἔργον when used alone also means an evil or disgraceful deed, e.g., Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 22 §83 ἔργον οὐδὲν αὐτοῖς ἀπῆν=they abstained from no shameful deed; Apollon. Rhod. 4, 476; 742; Arrian, Anab. 3, 21, 4). Or they are characterized by an added word: ἔ. ἀγαθόν Ro 2:7; 13:3; 2 Cor 9:8; Phil 1:6; Col 1:10; 1 Ti 5:10; 2 Ti 2:21; 3:17; Tit 1:16b; 3:1; Hb 13:21 v.l. Pl. Eph 2:10 (misunderstood by JSanders, Ethics in the NT, ’75, 78; cp. Phil 1:6); 1 Ti 2:10. πλήρης ἔργων ἀγαθῶν rich in good deeds Ac 9:36. ἔ. καλόν Mt 26:10; Mk 14:6; J 10:33. Pl. (GrBar 15:2; Dio Chrys. 3, 52) Mt 5:16; J 10:32; 1 Ti 5:10a, 25; 6:18; Tit 2:7, 14; 3:8, 14, Hb 10:24; 1 Pt 2:12 (WvanUnnik, NTS 1, ’54/55, 92–110; cp. Diod S 16, 1, 1); 2 Pt 1:10 v.l.; 2 Cl 12:4. ἔργα ὅσια, δίκαια 6:9. ἔ. δικαιοσύνης B 1:6 (PsSol 18:8). ἐξ ἔργων τῶν ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ righteous deeds Tit 3:5. τὰ ἔ. τοῦ θεοῦ the deeds that God desires (Jer 31:10; 1 Esdr 7:9, 15) J 6:28; cp. vs. 29. τὰ ἔ. μου (i.e. Χριστοῦ) Rv 2:26. ἔργα πεπληρωμένα ἐνώπιον τ. θεοῦ 3:2. ἔ. ἄξια τ. μετανοίας Ac 26:20. ἔ. τῆς πίστεως the deeds that go with faith Hs 8, 9, 1. ἔ. αἰώνιον an imperishable deed IPol 8:1. τὰ. ἔ. τοῦ Ἀβραάμ deeds like Abraham’s J 8:39. τὰ ἔ. τ. πέμψαντός με 9:4.—ἔργα πονηρά evil deeds (1 Esdr 8:83; En 98:6; Tat. 23:2) Col 1:21; 2J 11; cp. J 3:19; 7:7; 1J 3:12 and ἀπὸ παντὸς ἔ. πονηροῦ 2 Ti 4:18. Also ἔ. τῆς πονηρᾶς ὁδοῦ B 4:10. νεκρά dead works, i.e. those that lead to death Hb 6:1; 9:14. ἄκαρπα unfruitful actions Eph 5:11. ἄνομα lawless deeds 2 Pt 2:8. Also ἔ. τῆς ἀνομίας B 4:1; Hs 8, 10, 3. ἔργα ἀσεβείας impious deeds Jd 15 (ἀσεβῆ ἔ. Just., A I, 23, 3). τοῦ σκότους deeds of darkness (i.e. unbelief) Ro 13:12; cp. Eph 5:11. ἔ. τῆς σαρκός deeds that originate in the flesh (i.e. sin) Gal 5:19. τὰ ἔ. τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν deeds such as your father (the devil) commits J 8:41. τῶν Νικολαϊτῶν Rv 2:6.—κρύφια, φανερὰ ἔ. secret, open deeds 2 Cl 16:3. Freq. in Paul ἔργα νόμου deeds that the law commands you to do Ro 3:20, 28; cp. 27; Gal 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10 (cp. 4Q MMT 3, 27 [=A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls, ed. REisenman/JRobinson, I ’91, xxxi, fig. 8, c line 29]; MAbegg, Paul, ‘Works of the Law’ and MMT: Bar 20/6, ’94, 52–55; JDunn, NTS 43, ’97, 147–53). Also simply ἔργα, w. the same meaning Ro 4:2, 6; 9:12, 32; 11:6; Eph 2:9; s. ELohmeyer, ZNW 28, 1929, 177–207.—S. δικαιοσύνη 3 end.

② that which one does as regular activity, work, occupation, task (cp. Aristoph., Av. 862; X., Mem. 2, 10, 6; Arrian, Anab. 5, 23, 1; Epict. 1, 16, 21; Sir 11:20; TestSol 1:2 al.; Just., A II, 3, 5 βασιλικόν) w. gen. of the one who assigns the task τοῦ κυρίου 1 Cor 15:58; 16:10; Phil 2:30. διδόναι τινὶ τὸ ἔ. αὐτοῦ assign his task to someone Mk 13:34; πληροῦν ἔ. accomplish a task Ac 14:26. τ. ἔ. τελειοῦν finish the work (Dionys. Hal. 3, 69, 2 τ. οἰκοδομῆς τ. πολλὰ εἰργάσατο, οὐ μὴν ἐτελείωσε τὸ ἔργον; 2 Esdr 16:3, 16) J 17:4; cp. 4:34. ἡ κυρίου τοῦ ἔργου shop superintendent GJs 2:2 (s. deStrycker ad loc.) Of the task and work of the apostles Ac 13:2; 15:38. οἱ πιστευθέντες παρὰ θεοῦ ἔργον τοιοῦτο those who were entrusted by God with so important a duty 1 Cl 43:1. καρπὸς ἔργου fruit of work Phil 1:22. To love someone διὰ τὸ ἔ. αὐτοῦ because of what the person has done 1 Th 5:13. Of an office 1 Ti 3:1 (4 is also poss.). ἔ. ποιεῖν εὐαγγελιστοῦ do the work of an evangelist 2 Ti 4:5.—ἔ. συγγενικὸν ἀπαρτίζειν accomplish a proper, natural task IEph 1:1.

③ that which is brought into being by work, product, undertaking, work (Hom. et al.; Gen 2:2; 3 Km 7:15, 19; Jer 10:3; 1 Esdr 5:44; TestAbr A 13 p. 93, 11 [Stone p. 34] εἴ τινος κατακαύσει τὸ πὺρ; Just., D. 88, 8; Mel., P. 36, 244) work in the passive sense. W. special ref. to buildings (Aristoph., Av. 1125; Polyb. 5, 3, 6; Diod S 1, 31, 9; Appian, Mithrid. 30 §119; Arrian, Anab. 6, 18, 2; Dionys. Byz. §27; IG IV²/1, 106, 56; 114, 31 al.; PPetr III, 43 [2] I, 2 [III B.C.] εἰς τὰ ἔργα=for the buildings al.; 1 Macc 10:11; SibOr 4, 59; EPeterson, Biblica 22, ’41, 439–41) 1 Cor 3:13, 14, 15. Perh. a building is also meant in 1 Cor 9:1 and Ro 14:20 (s. καταλύω 2b). γῆ κ. τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ ἔ. 2 Pt 3:10 (FDanker, ZNW 53, ’62, 82–86, would read καὶ γῇ κατὰ τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ ἔργα). Images of deities as ἔργα ἀνθρώπων 2 Cl 1:6 (Herodas 4, 26 ἔργα καλά of works of sculpture; Ath. 17:3f); sim. in the formulation ἔργον χειρός (cp. En 98:5; ApcEsdr 1:10; Herodas 7, 2f τῶν σῶν … χειρέων νοῆρες ἔργον; Epict. 3, 7, 24 τὰ χειρὸς ἔργα; Jos., Bell. 3, 268 of courageous deeds χειρῶν ἔργα; cp. Just., D. 23, 5 of circumcision not as ἔργον δικαιοσύνης) τὸ ἔ. τῶν χειρῶν τινος the work of someone’s hands=what someone has made Ac 7:41; Rv 9:20 (cp. Is 17:8; Just., A I, 20, 5 al.). Of the world as created by God (Celsus 4, 99) Hb 1:10 (Ps 101:26; Ar 4:24 al.); 2:7 v.l.; B 5:10; 15:3. τὰ ἔ. τοῦ διαβόλου the devil’s undertakings or enterprises (Arrian, Anab. 1, 11, 7 Τρωικὸν ἔ.=the Trojan undertaking, of the Trojan War) 1J 3:8. τὰ ἔργα τῆς θηλείας the works of the female (w. ref. to sensual desire like Horapollo 1, 11 p. 18 θηλείας ἔργον and Longus 4, 19, 5 ἔργα γυναικῶν) GEg 252, 56. Of adultery Rv 2:22.

④ someth. having to do with someth. under discussion, thing, matter (Hom. et al.) Ac 5:38. κρεῖττον IRo 2:1 (cp. GrBar 5:3 μείζονα τούτων ἔργα). ἔ. εὐφροσύνης a joyful thing B 10:11; οὐ πεισμονῆς τὸ ἔ. not a matter of persuasion IRo 3:3. οὐ νῦν ἐπαγγελίας τὸ ἔ. it is not a matter of what we now profess IEph 14:2. Perh. also 1 Ti 3:1 (s. 2 above).—JKleist, ‘Ergon’ in the Gospels: CBQ 6, ’44, 61–68. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

πραγμᾰτ-εία, [dialect] Ion.[full] πρηγμᾰτίη, poet. [full] πραγμᾰτίη Man.1.38: ἡ:—

A prosecution of business, diligent study, Isoc.1.44,5.7, Pl.Cra. 408a, al.;

πόνων πολλῶν καὶ πραγματείας εἶναι D.8.48

;

πλείονος εἶναι πρηγματίης Hp.VM7

; ἡ μάταιος π. [λογισμῶν] this idle attention to argumentations, X.Mem.4.7.8; μετὰ πολλῆς π. with a great deal of trouble, PCair.Zen.19.4 (iii B. C.).

II occupation, business, ἡ π. αὐτῆς (sc. τῆς ῥητορικῆς)

ἅπασα.. εἰς τοῦτο τελευτᾷ Pl.Grg. 453a

; ἡ τοῦ διαλέγεσθαι π. the business of dialectic, Id.Tht. 161e; τοῦ πολιτικοῦ.. πᾶσα ἡ π. περὶ πόλιν [ἐστί] Arist Pol.1274b37, cf. EN1105a11; ἡ δημηγορικὴ π. the business of oratory, Id.Rh.1354b24;

ἀπὸ τῆς ἀναισχύντου π. ἀποστῆναι Aeschin.3.242

; πραγματεῖαι official duties, opp. ἀρχαί, ib.13, cf.PTeb.5.143, al. (ii B. C.); esp. law-business, lawsuit, Isoc.2.18, al.;

ἡ περὶ τὰ δικαστήρια π. Id.15.31

: pl., affairs in general,

κάτω βλέπειν εἰς ἀνθρώπων πραγματείας Pl.R. 500c

;

μεθισταμένων πραγματειῶν Antipho 2.4.9

(nisi leg. πραγμάτων); troubles, D.61.37, Epicur.Ep.1p.28U.; πρὸς ἔθνη τὴν π. ἔχειν to have dealings with.., Str.9.2.2.

b pl., works, of the buildings of Solomon, LXX 3 Ki.9.1.

III treatment of a subject,

εἰδέων Archyt.4

; ἡ τοῦ ἐπιπέδου π., as a definition of plane geometry, Pl.R. 528d; ἡ Πλάτωνος π. Plato's system, Arist.Metaph. 987a30, cf. 986a8, Epicur.Ep.1p.3U., Phld.D.1.17; manner of dealing with,

ἡ περὶ τοὺς μάρτυρας π. Arist.Rh. 1376b4

.

2 philosophical argument or treatise, Id.Top. 100a18, 101a26;

τοῦ εἰδέναι χάριν ἡ π. Id.Ph. 194b18

;

ἡ παροῦσα π. οὐ θεωρίας ἕνεκα Id.EN 1103b26

; the subject of such a treatise,

τρεῖς αἱ π. Id.Ph. 198a30

, cf. SE 183b4;

ἡ περὶ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἐκδοθεῖσα π. Str.1.2.2

, etc.

3 systematic or scientific historical treatise, Plb.1.1.4, 1.3.1, D.S.1.1, D.H.1.74, Luc. Hist.Conscr.13; Τρωϊκὴ π. the legends of the Trojan war, Arg.S.Aj.;

π. συνέταξεν ἐν δράματι τῶν Δαρδάνου πράξεων τὰς μνημοσύνας BMus.Inscr.3.444.18

([place name] Iasus).

4 magical operation, spell,

ἡ Σολομῶνος π. PMag.Par.1.853

, cf.776.

διατρῐβή, ἡ,

A wearing away, esp. of Time, way or manner of spending,

χρόνου τε διατριβὰς.. ἐφηῦρε.. πεσσοὺς κύβους τε

pastimes,

S. Fr.479.2

: hence, abs.,

1 pastime, amusement, Ar.Pl. 923, Alex. 219.4, etc.;

ἐν συνουσίᾳ τινὶ καὶ δ. D.21.71

;

γέλωτα καὶ δ. παρέχειν τινί Aeschin.1.175

, cf. Plu.Tim.11;

τοῦ συμποσίου δ. Alex.185

;

παρέσχε τοῖς κωμικοῖς δ.

materiem jocandi,

Plu.Per.4

, cf. Jul.Or.2.52b; place of amusement, Men.481.10, Bato 2.4.

2 serious occupation, study, etc.,

τοὺς ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ καὶ τῇ τοιᾷδε δ. τεθραμμένους Pl.Tht. 172c

;

διατριβὰς ποιεῖσθαι περί τι Lys.16.11

, cf. Is.11.37;

πρός τι Aeschin.2.38

;

ἐπί τινι Ar.Ra. 1498

;

ἡ δ. τὰ πολλὰ ἐν λόγοις Pl.Ly. 204a

.

b discourse,

τὰς ἐμὰς δ. καὶ τοὺς λόγους Id.Ap. 37d

, cf. Grg. 484e, Isoc.12.19, etc.;

αἱ πολιτικαὶ δ. D.H.10.15

.

c short ethical treatise or lecture,

δ. βραχέος διανοήματος ἠθικοῦ ἔκτασις Hermog. Meth.5

, cf. Suid.: title of works by Zeno, Cleanthes, etc.

d school of philosophy, Ath.5.211d, al., Luc.Alex.5;

Μωυσοῦ καὶ Χριστοῦ Gal. 8.579

;

Ἐπικούρου δ. Numen.

ap. Eus.PE14.5; also, a place of teaching, school,

ἡ ἐν τῷ κήπῳ δ. Epicur.Fr. 217

, cf. Phld.Acad.Ind.p.39 M., Luc.Nigr.25, Ath.8.350b.

3 way of life, passing of time,

δ. ἐν ἀγορᾷ Ar.Nu. 1055

;

δ. νέων ἐν δικαστηρίοις And.4.32

; ἡ ἐν Σικελίᾳ δ. stay there, Pl.Ep. 337e; ποιεῖσθαι ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ τὴν δ., ἐν τῇ γῇ, Arist. HA 487a20, Resp. 474b26;

διατριβὰς μετ' ἀλλήλων διατ ρίβειν Aeschin. 1.147

.

4 place of resort, haunt,

τὰς ἐν Λυκείῳ δ. Pl.Euthphr.2a

;

ᾖα ἐπὶ τὰς συνήθεις δ. Id.Chrm. 153a

.

II in bad sense, waste of time, loss of time, delay, with or without χρόνου, E.Ph. 751, etc.;

δ. ποιεῖσθαι Isoc.4.164

: pl.,

δ. καὶ μελλήσεις Th.5.82

; χρόνου δ. ἐμποιεῖν, παρέχειν, Id.3.38, X.Oec.8.13, etc.;

ἐμβαλεῖν Plu.Nic.20

; διατριβὴν ποτῷ ποιεῖν prolong a carouse, Alex.226.4.

III Rhet., occasion for dwelling on a subject, Arist.Rh. 1418a27 (pl.).

IV continuance, permanence, Id.Mete. 374a12.

V sens. obsc., = συνουσία, Procop. Arc.2.

κατάληψις, εως, ἡ,

A seizing, οὐκέτι ἐν καταλήψει ἐφαίνετο to be within one's grasp, Th.3.33.

2 seizing, assaulting, Ar.Nu. 318.

3 taking possession, occupation,

τῆς βασιλείας Isoc.9.69

;

Χωρίων Pl. Grg. 455c

, R. 526d (pl.);

ἱεροῦ D.19.21

; καταλήψεις πολέμου prob. f.l. for πολέων, App.BC4.14.

4 Philos., direct apprehension of an object by the mind, Zeno Stoic.1.20, Luc.Par.4, al.;

τῶν μετεώρων Philostr.Her.10.9

; ἀκριβὴς κ. certainty, Herod.Med. ap. Aët.9.37: pl., perceptions, Stoic.2.30, Luc.Herm.81, etc.; introduced into Latin by Cicero, Plu.Cic.40.

II holding, grip, with the fingers, bandages, or instruments, Hp.Off.9; τὰς -λήψιας ποιεῖσθαι ibid., cf. Art.11 (in pl. also = ligatures, Medic.8); ο ὕπνος τοῦ.. αἰσθητηρίου κ. compression, Arist.Somn.Vig. 458a29.

2 stoppage,

οὔρων Gal.17

(1).423;

σπέρματος Ruf.

ap. Orib.6.38.4; holding, πνεύματος, Gal.6.152.

3 in Music, stopping of the strings of an instrument, Sch. Ar.Nu. 317.

III later, catalepsy, Gal.8.485, al.

στροφ-ή, ἡ,

A turning, e.g. of a horse, X.Eq.7.15,17, 10.15; revolving, circling,

ἄρκτου στροφαί S.Fr.432.11

; τοῦ σώματος (sc. τῆς σελήνης) Epicur.Ep.2p.41U.;

ὡρῶν Pl.Lg. 782a

; of a snake, Arist.PA 692a6; ἐν στροφαῖσιν ὀμμάτων with rolling of the eyes, E.HF 932.

2 twist, such as wrestlers make to elude their adversary,

πάσας στροφὰς στρέφεσθαι Pl.R. 405c

: metaph., slippery trick, dodge,

οὐκ ἔργον ἔστ' οὐδὲν στροφῶν Ar.Pl. 1154

, cf. Ec. 1026, Ra. 775; δημηγόρους εὐπιθεῖς ς. A.Supp. 623.

3 in Music, twist or turn, κατακάμπτειν τὰς ς. Ar.Th.68.

4 winding up of a winch, CPHerm.p.79 (iii A.D.).

5 turning of a road,

τὸν νεκρὸν.. ἐν ταῖς σ. μὴ καττιθέντων μηδαμεῖ Schwyzer 323

C 33 (Delph., iv B.C.).

6 metaph., (

στρέφω B. 111

) occupation, concern,

περί τι Herm.in Phdr. p.67

A.

II turning of the Chorus: hence, the strain sung during this evolution, strophe (cf. ἀντίστροφος IV,

ἀντιστροφή 1

), Pherecr.145.9, Phld.Po.Herc. 994 Fr.19, D.H.Comp.19, Ph.2.484, etc.

III στροφαί· ἀστραπαί, Hsch. (v. στροπά).

IV transmutation of metals, Zos.Alch.p.195 B.

τρῐβ-ή, ἡ,

A rubbing:—mostly metaph.:

I rubbing down, wearing away, wasting,

τριβᾷ βίου A.Ag. 465

(lyr.);

κτεάνων τριβάς Id.Ch. 943

(lyr., sed leg. τριβᾶς); wear and tear of fixtures in a house, BGU1116.26 (i B. C.).

II practice, opp. theory, Hp. Praec.1, X.An.5.6.15; study,

τ. καὶ ἱστορία τῶν πόλεως πραγμάτων Metrod.Fr.27

, cf. Phld.Rh.1.121 S., Po.5.20, al.; also, mere practice, routine, opp. true art,

οὐκ ἔστι τέχνη, ἀλλ' ἄτεχνος τ. Pl.Phdr. 260e

; τριβῇ καὶ ἐμπειρίᾳ, opp. τέχνῃ, ib. 270b, cf. Grg. 463b, Gal.6.143; τριβῇ ζητεῖν, opp. μεθόδῳ, Arist. SE 184b2;

τριβὴν ἔχειν τινός Damox. 1.10

, D.S.16.15;

τ. ἐν τοῖς πολεμικοῖς ἔχειν Plb.1.32.1

;

ἀρετὴν ἔχειν ἐν χρήσει καὶ τριβῇ Plu.Phil.13

;

διὰ τῆς ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις σπουδαιοτέρας τριβῆς καὶ συγγυμνασίας Sor.1.3

.

III that about which one is busied, the object of care, anxiety, or love,

Ορέστην, τὴν ἐμῆς ψυχῆς τριβήν A.Ch. 749

.

2 occupation,

μειράκιον.. οὐκέτι ἔπεμπες ἐπὶ τὰ διδασκαλεῖα καὶ τὰς προσηκούσας τοῖς νεανίαις τριβάς POxy.471.115

(ii A. D.).

IV of Time, spending,

οὐ μακροῦ χρόνου τ. S.Ant. 1078

, cf. Fr. 664;

συνουσίᾳ καὶ χρόνου τριβῇ Pl.R. 493b

; ἀξίαν τριβὴν ἔχει 'tis time well spent, A.Pr. 639; [βίος] οὐκ ἄχαρις ές τὴν τριβήν a pleasant enough life in the spending, Ar.Av. 156.

2 delay, ἐς τριβὰς ἐλᾷ seeks delays, S.OT 1160;

πορίζεις τριβάς Ar.Ach. 385

(lyr.); and with the Verb omitted, μὴ τριβὰς ἔτι no more delays, S.Ant. 577;

τριβῆς ἕνεκα καὶ ἀνοκωχῆς Th.8.87

;

μετὰ τ. πάσης Pl. Ep. 344b

;

ὁ πόλεμος τριβὴν λαμβάνει Plb.1.20.9

.

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `rust' on iron, `verdigris' on copper, bronze (Thgn., Hp., Pl., Theoc., SIG 284, 15 [Chios IV^a]).

Derivatives: ἰώδης `rust-coloured' (Hp., Thphr.).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Given the changing meaning of IE *u̯ī̆s(o)- (s. on 3. ἰός) our word has been identified with it (Fick 2³, 242). It could be due to different uses according to occupation; note, that ἰός `rust' as opposed to ἰός `poison' was used also in prose, what may point to a stilistic differentiation.

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κλῆσις, εως, ἡ (s. καλέω; Aristoph., X., Pla.; pap, LXX, TestSol, Philo, Just.; Tat. 15, 4).

① invitation to experience of special privilege and responsibility, call, calling, invitation. In our lit. almost exclusively of divine initiative (cp. κλῆσις, ἣν κέκληκεν [ὁ θεός] Epict. 1, 29, 49; s. also Maximus Tyr. 11, 11a) of the divine call, of the invitation to enter the kgdm. of God κ. ἐπουράνιος a heavenly (=divine) call Hb 3:1. ἡ κ. τοῦ θεοῦ the call that comes fr. God Ro 11:29; Lk 11:42 v.l. (Marcion’s rdg., accord. to Epiph.; the latter has κρίσις). ἵνα ἐνμίνωσι (=ἐμμείνωσι) τῇ πρὸς τὸν πατέρα κλήσι so that they might remain steadfast in their calling to the Father AcPl Ha 7, 33. ἡ ἐλπὶς τῆς κλήσεως αὐτοῦ (=τοῦ θεοῦ) the hope to which God calls Eph 1:18. ἐλπὶς τῆς κ. ὑμῶν the hope that your calling brings you 4:4. ἡ ἄνω κ. τοῦ θεοῦ ἐν Χριστῷ the upward call of God in Christ Phil 3:14; cp. 1 Cl 46:6. καλεῖν κλήσει ἁγίᾳ call with a holy calling 2 Ti 1:9; cp. Eph 4:1, 4 (cp. Orig., C. Cels. 3, 61, 21); ἀξιοῦν τινα τῆς κ. 2 Th 1:11 (s. ἀξιόω 1). ἡ κ. τινος the call that has come to someone (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 78, 5) 2 Pt 1:10. βλέπετε τὴν κ. ὑμῶν consider your call i.e., what happened when it occurred 1 Cor 1:26. κ. τῆς ἐπαγγελίας the calling of (i.e. that consists in) God’s promise B 16:9. Of baptism (s. HKoch, Die Bussfrist des Pastor Hermae: Festgabe für AvHarnack 1921, 175f) μετὰ τὴν κ. ἐκείνην τὴν μεγάλην καὶ σεμνήν after that great and sacred call Hm 4, 3, 6; ὁ κύριος θέλει τὴν κ. τὴν γενομένην διὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ σωθῆναι the Lord desires the salvation of those who are called through his Son Hs 8, 11, 1.—Cp. AcThom 50 (Aa II/2, 166, 17); ὑπὸ πάντων τῶν τῆς κλήσεως ‘by all those who are called’ Iren. 1, 4, 4 (Harv. I 136, 13); also Hippol., Ref. 6, 45, 3.

② position that one holds, position, condition (Libanius, Argumenta Orationum Demosth. 2: VIII 601, 6 F. τὴν τοῦ μαχαιροποιοῦ κλῆσιν ἔλαβεν=took up the occupation; idem Progymn. 9, 2, 1: VIII 290, 14 ἐν τῇ κλήσει ταύτῃ=in this characteristic, i.e. as Phrygians; Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 163 θεοῦ κλῆσισ=the position of a god [is a thing so sacred to the Alexandrians that they even give animals a share in it]) ἕκαστος ἐν τῇ κ. ᾗ ἐκλήθη, ἐν ταύτῃ μενέτω everyone is to remain in the (same) condition/position in which the person was when called (to salvation) 1 Cor 7:20.—For other perspectives s. KHoll, D. Gesch. des Wortes Beruf: SBBerlAk 1924, xxixff; ENorden, Antike Menschen im Ringen um ihre Berufsbestimmung: SBBerlAk ’32, p. xxxviiiff; WBieder, D. Berufung im NT ’61.—DELG s.v. καλέω. M-M. TW. Sv.

πρᾶγμα, ατος, τό (πράσσω; Pind., Hdt.+) gener. ‘someth. that one is engaged in’.

① that which is done or happens, deed, thing, event, occurrence, matter (Jos., Ant. 16, 376; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 9, 5; Just., D. 23, 4) περὶ τῶν πεπληροφορημένων πραγμάτων concerning events that have taken place Lk 1:1 (cp. Jos., Vi. 40 τ. ἱστορίαν τ. πραγμάτων τούτων ἀναγράφειν, C. Ap. 1, 47). τὸ πρᾶγμα τοῦτο this deed Ac 5:4. ἁγνοὶ τῷ πράγματι guiltless in the matter under discussion 2 Cor 7:11. διὰ δύο πραγμάτων ἀμεταθέτων through two unchangeable things (i.e. the promise and the oath) Hb 6:18.

② that which is to be done, undertaking, occupation, task (Appian, Mithrid. 103 §477 μεγάλα πράγματα=great undertakings; Lucian, Nav. 41; Eccl 3:1; TestJob 6:3 περὶ πράγματος ἀναγκαίου) βιωτικὰ πράγματα tasks of everyday life Hv 3, 11, 3; m 5, 2, 2. ἐν ᾧ ἂν ὑμῶν χρῄζῃ πράγματι in whatever undertaking she may need you Ro 16:2. πλεονεκτεῖν ἐν τῷ πράγματι τὸν ἀδελφόν 1 Th 4:6 (but s. 3 below). ἄξιον πρᾶγμα a task that is worthy ISm 11:3.

③ matter or concern of any kind, thing, matter, affair (Fgm. Iamb. Adesp. 12 Diehl οὐκ ἔστʼ ἐμὸν τὸ πρ.; Dio Chrys. 13 [7], 53; 16 [33], 36; 19 [36], 18; Ath. 15, 1 δύο ὀνόματα καθʼ ἑνὸς πράγματος) περὶ παντὸς πράγματος about anything at all Mt 18:19. Cp. Hb 10:1; 11:1 (RTaylor, ET 52, ’40/41, 256–59: ‘affair’); Hv 3, 4, 1; m 9:10; 10, 2, 3; Hs 5, 6, 6; 9, 29, 2. Pl. Hv 3, 3, 1; 4, 1, 4; 4, 3, 1. μέγα π. something great Hv 3, 2, 4; cp. Hs 9, 2, 5; ἔνδοξα π. Hv 4, 1, 4; πονηρὸν π. an evil thing 1, 1, 8; Hs 5, 1, 5; 7:5; πᾶν φαῦλον π. every evil thing, everything that is evil Js 3:16. περιγίνεσθαι τοῦ π. master the thing Hv 1, 3, 2. τὰ πρ. relationships, ways, circumstances (Diod S 14, 97, 3; 19, 50, 2; 19, 52, 1; 6; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 3 §12; Artem. 4, 27; Jos., Bell. 4, 318) ἐν παλαιοῖς π. ἀναστραφῆναι live in old, obsolete ways IMg 9:1. Also w. an unfavorable connotation difficulties, troubles (Soph., Aj. 314; X., An. 2, 1, 16; 7, 6, 24, Mem. 2, 7, 2; Socrat., Ep. 3; Diod S 13, 12, 1; 13, 97, 6; Jos., Ant. 13, 7; Just., A II, 4, 1) 1 Cl 1:1 (s. ἐπιζητέω 1c).—Cp. IMg 5:1; Hv 1, 2, 4.—Prob. as euphemism= (illicit sexual) affair 1 Th 4:6 (cp. Aeschin. 1, 132), but s. 4.

④ a matter of contention, dispute, lawsuit (X., Mem. 2, 9, 1 al.; Polyaenus 6, 36; Cyr.-Ins. 54; 67; 123. Oft. pap; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 177) πρᾶγμα ἔχειν πρός τινα have a lawsuit with someone (POxy 743, 19 [I B.C.]; 706, 4; BGU 22, 9) 1 Cor 6:1 (LVischer, Die Auslegungsgeschichte von 1 Cor 6:1–11, ’55). Perh. legal process 1 Th 4:6 (cp. Ps.-Clemens, Hom. 10, 1).—B. 634. DELG s.v. πράσσω. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἁλιεύς, έως, ὁ (cp. the disused loc. form ἁλί [ἅλς] Schwyzer I 476 and cp. 549; on the form ἁλεεῖς, found also Arrian, Anab. 6, 23, 3 [with ἁλεέας twice as v.l.]; PFlor 127, 15 [256 A.D.]; BGU 1035, 6; Is 19:8; Ezk 47:10, and as v.l. in all NT passages, s. B-D-F §29, 5; W.-S. §5, 20a; Mlt-H. 76; 142; DELG s.v. ἅλς) one whose occupation is catching fish, fisher (Hom.+) lit. Mt 4:18; Mk 1:16; Lk 5:2. Fig., of the disciples ποιήσω ὑμᾶς ἁ. ἀνθρώπων I will make you fish for people Mt 4:19; Mk 1:17 (CSmith, HTR 52, ’59, 187–203), allegorically connecting their present and future vocations (Lk 5:10 has for this ἀνθρώπους ἔσῃ ζωγρῶν, s. ζωγρέω). The figure and expr. are also found in ancient wr. (RhM n.s. 35, 1880, 413 no. 12.—See also Diog. L. 4, 16, 17 θηράω=hunt down, in the sense ‘catch someone for one’s point of view’. In 8, 36 Diog. L. has Timon [Fgm. 58 Diels] say of Pythagoras that he went out θήρῃ ἐπʼ ἀνθρώπων=on a hunt for people).—WWuellner, The Mng. of ‘Fishers of Men’ ’67. S. also the lit. s.v. ἀμφιβάλλω.—B. 184. M-M.